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Your second question's a bit easier. A 'Google bot' is, of course, maintained by Google.
As every other search engine employs 'bots.
Simply put, "bot" is short for "robot".
They are just automated programs that crawl the web, moving from site to site to site
by way of the links that are provided for them on each page.
That is why it is valuable to have other sites that link to yours (backlinks).
The more ways that the various bots can find you, and the more popular the page
that links to you, the better your chances of showing up in a search result
for whatever it is that your site does.
The idea, in theory, is for these programs to move through the Internet,
navigating by the same links that are avaible for actual humans.
Of course, this is a very simplified version of a fairly complicated process.
In the real world, lazy, greedy people try to abuse the system and fake
having a worthwhile site by creating fake, spammy links, and search engines
develop formulas and algorithms to make sure that weasels are not rewarded.
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